re: OT Doctors- Why do we become immune to antibiotics?

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But many idiots on this site find it to be a myth.

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Bacteria develop antibiotic resistance in two ways. Many acquire mutations in their own genomes that allow them to withstand antibiotics, although that ability can't be shared with pathogens outside their own family.

They get infected with something called a plasmid, a small piece of DNA, carrying a gene for antibiotic resistance. That makes resistance genes more dangerous because plasmids can make copies of themselves and transfer the genes they carry to other bugs within the same family as well as jump to other families of bacteria, which can then "catch" the resistance directly without having to develop it through evolution.

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Colistin is widely used in Chinese livestock, and this use probably led bacteria to evolve and gain a resistance to the drug. The gene probably leaped from livestock to human microbes through food

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Cancer progression is more consistent with Lamarckian than Darwinian evolution When viewed as a mitochondrial metabolic disease cancer progres- sion is more in line with the evolutionary theory of Lamarck than with the theory of Darwin (20). Many investigators in the cancer eld have attempted to link the Darwinian theory of evolution to the phe- nomenon of tumor progression (171–174). The attempt to link can- cer progression to Darwinian evolution is based largely on the view that nuclear somatic mutations are drivers of the disease. According to Lamarck’s theory, it is the environment that produces changes in biological structures (175). Through adaptation and differential use, these changes lead to modi cations in the structures. The modi ca- tions of structures would then be passed on to successive genera- tions as acquired traits. Lamarck’s evolutionary synthesis was based on his belief that the degree of use or disuse of biological structures

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shaped evolution along with the inheritance of acquired adaptability. Lamarck’s ideas could also accommodate a dominant role for epi- genetics and horizontal gene transfer as factors that could facilitate tumor progression (176,177). In addition to nuclear epigenetic events involving acetylation and phosphorylations, mitochondria are also recognized as a powerful extra nuclear epigenetic system (159,178– 180). Other epigenetic phenomena such as cytomegalovirus infection, cell fusion and horizontal gene transfer can also contribute to cancer progression and metastasis (147,159,181–184). Considering the dynamic behavior of mitochondria involving regular fusions and ssions, abnormalities in mitochondrial struc- ture can be rapidly disseminated throughout the cellular mitochon- drial network and passed along to daughter cells somatically, through cytoplasmic inheritance (17,185). The capacity for mitochondrial res- piratory function becomes progressively less with each cell division as adaptability to substrate level phosphorylation increases (Figure 3). The somatic progression of cancer would therefore embody the con- cept of the somatic inheritance of an acquired trait. The acquired trait in this case is alteration to mitochondrial structure. The most malig- nant cancer cells would sustain the near-complete replacement of their respiration with fermentation. This is obvious in those tumor cells with quantitative and qualitative abnormalities in their mitochon- dria (Figure 2). The somatic inheritance of mitochondrial dysfunc- tion in tumor cells could contribute in part to the appearance of a clonal origin, but not directly involving the nuclear genome. However, the degree of nuclear genomic instability can be linked to mitochon- drial dysfunction and both defects together can contribute to tumor progression. A Lamarckian view can account for the non-uniform accumulation of mutations and drug resistance seen during cancer progression. Drug resistance is linked to enhanced lactate fermenta- tion, which is acquired during tumor progression (61,186). It is our opinion that the evolutionary concepts of Lamarck can better explain the phenomena of tumor progression than can the evolutionary con- cepts of Darwin. We encourage further research on this perspective of tumor progression.

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I firmly believe that apes descended from man.

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