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re: On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation...

Posted on 3/12/17 at 9:00 pm to
Posted by bmy
Nashville
Member since Oct 2007
48203 posts
Posted on 3/12/17 at 9:00 pm to
quote:


And Darwin's dilemma so rightly questioned that there is no where near the transitional forms, nor fossil record of transitional forms for speciation to be nothing more than a fantasy. You know biologists have a problem when they have to create Punctuated equilibrium as an excuse for the lack of evidence



Reproductive Isolation as a Consequence of Adaptive Divergence in Drosophila
This post was edited on 3/12/17 at 9:01 pm
Posted by bfniii
Member since Nov 2005
17840 posts
Posted on 3/12/17 at 9:14 pm to
quote:

This is like asking why did humanity create fire. Or the spear.
no. it's not like asking that AT ALL. there is no known reason for one organism to have started consuming another. much less figuring out HOW an organism developed the MEANS to do so. predation allegedly predated humans so your comparison is just plain silly

quote:

It's because they needed to
that's the point - why? WHY did the FIRST organism do that? HOW did the first organism do that?

quote:

it was advantageous
how do you know this? you don't. you're just answering from a anthropogenic standpoint.

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they adapted to an environment they could thrive in
no, according to ucd, organisms were ALREADY thriving before predation. it appears you don't understand the situation.

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You can be sure it happened and for obvious reasons
see, this is the kind of blithe handwaving that bothers people who see the holes in ucd. "let's just accept it because we're way past bronze age myths"

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Because it was advantageous to their species survival.
again, you don't know this. you're just parroting middle school evolution type responses.

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It was a mutation
there's the old evolution ad hoc fallback

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Because those cubs are going to grow up soon and likely be stronger than he is, and then kill him
i'm pretty sure that's not the reason. it's because they came from another male. otherwise, he would be out killing every cub he could find, which obviously doesn't happen.

quote:

That and because it's in their nature.
which just repeats the question i asked earlier. re: preservation vs natural selection

quote:

Do you really think most animals are capable of actively planning their species future survival and isn't mostly acting out of self preservation?
do you realize that cheetahs, dolphins and wolves cooperate to hunt? so you're telling me they can't figure out "hey, don't kill cubs. our species needs them"? humans developed the notion so why can't others? humans are allegedly just sophisticated animals right?

quote:

I can't think of an animal that doesn't do this in some form, otherwise they wouldn't have made it at all.
but you just said they can't. which is it? and if they can as you now seem to be saying, why do they kill the young from another litter? how is that them preserving the species?

quote:

Because they can live to frick and breed another day.
the question was about preservation of the species. the behavior you're describing is apathy.

quote:

They're pretty damn protective of their young.
so when 50 wildebeests are watching a lion eat a calf from 50 yards away, this is preservation of the species? playing the odds in a numbers game is not preservation of the species. they could easily gore and kick the lion to death and send a pretty strong message to the rest of the pride.

it occurs to me that you haven't really though these issues through.
Posted by bfniii
Member since Nov 2005
17840 posts
Posted on 3/12/17 at 9:41 pm to
quote:

Every single one of his points didn't require a single second's thought for a refute on it
right.

why did the marine iguana develop the ability to forage underwater? iguanas don't just jump into the ocean regularly. nor would they have thought "let me eat this underwater thing" after having accidentally slipped in

why did the lammergeier develop the notion to drop bones onto rocks to get at the marrow? if it accidentally dropped the bone, why would it have thought to go back and check for marrow?

how did dolphins figure out the silt fence? how did dolphins figure out to blow bubbles under the bait ball forcing it to the surface?

i could keep going on and on

standard non-answer: "it was advantageous."
standard fancy answer: "it was a mutation."
Posted by McLemore
Member since Dec 2003
35523 posts
Posted on 3/12/17 at 11:09 pm to
quote:

You would've used less words.


Fewer. You would've used fewer words.
Posted by OMLandshark
Member since Apr 2009
120445 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 1:22 am to
quote:

i could keep going on and on


And you keep sounding dumber and dumber. You do know that animals don't one day choose to grow a fin or evolve certain features that enable it to swim better? It just happens provided by chance and it turns out to be advantageous.

fricking listen to what I'm saying instead of saying shite like "oh why did that animal decide to eat fish one day." You may as well be saying "why did a human decide to throw meat into fire, something they were terrified of and couldn't control." I really feel like I'm talking to Karl Pilkington here, except Karl says something occasionally insightful.
Posted by yankeeundercover
Buffalo, NY
Member since Jan 2010
36419 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 2:58 am to
quote:

Favoured
frick your, you British arse
Posted by RobbBobb
Member since Feb 2007
34401 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 4:26 pm to
Nice try, but that doesn't even come close to answering why there are no transitional forms currently in existence (we should continue to evolve, right?), or the absolute dirge of any in the fossil record

Speciation, and abiogenesis are very poorly supported concepts, I wouldn't want to die having hung my hat on either
Posted by OMLandshark
Member since Apr 2009
120445 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 5:25 pm to
quote:

no. it's not like asking that AT ALL. there is no known reason for one organism to have started consuming another. much less figuring out HOW an organism developed the MEANS to do so. predation allegedly predated humans so your comparison is just plain silly



You seem to think that bacteria is able to reason like humans though. All it has is a drive to survive. Trees and plants have that drive, which is why they grow vertically to get to the sunlight.

quote:

that's the point - why? WHY did the FIRST organism do that? HOW did the first organism do that?


Here's a scenario for how this could have played out: They live off of a volcanic vent, and then that suddenly goes out. One of two things will happen in this scenario a) they all die or b) they have to have another fuel source. Their drive allowed them to do this, and I think they would have been ingesting at least parts of each other from the start. They were asexual beings, so cooperation wasn't really necessary at all for the time and largely to the modern day.

quote:

how do you know this? you don't. you're just answering from a anthropogenic standpoint.



Because look at biology today. They can spread if they can get other sources of fuel besides volcanic vents. If not, then they can merely stay at the volcanic vents.

quote:

no, according to ucd, organisms were ALREADY thriving before predation. it appears you don't understand the situation.



It appears to me that you think every organism has human reasoning skills and desires and that things sometimes just happen that advance them as a species. Really do you think the flu gets together every year and decide how they're going to beat this year's vaccinations?

And what the hell do you mean by "UCD"? I googled it with evolution and am only able to find things involving UC Davis. Are you referring to some study they did or is this just some crazy thing that you Bible thumpers made up?

quote:

see, this is the kind of blithe handwaving that bothers people who see the holes in ucd. "let's just accept it because we're way past bronze age myths"



Ever heard of "Murphy's Law"? Sorry, but I think anything that can happen will happen. It's not bizarre to me to think that a lizard once saw a fish, jumped into the water, ate it, and it and its descendants thrived off of it. But just the fact that I can't 100% confirm that that happened at one point when it's highly probable makes you think you are correct. Sorry, but I like to live off of what is probable, and rational, not as you put it "bronze age myths".

quote:

again, you don't know this. you're just parroting middle school evolution type responses.



Because it's pretty simple shite that is going over your head. I am required to boil my terms down to a middle school level, because there's no chance in hell you will understand it at a collegiate level.

quote:

i'm pretty sure that's not the reason. it's because they came from another male. otherwise, he would be out killing every cub he could find, which obviously doesn't happen.



But you seem to think of everything as how you personally would reason it and not how another organism would, which clearly goes as low as a bacteria for you.

As Ludwig Wittgenstein: If a lion could speak, we could not understand him. It's because their minds work on a level we can't process as humans, and ours work on a level that they can't understand.

Just fully understand this, here is Karl Pilkington arguing with Ricky Gervais about that point: LINK

quote:

which just repeats the question i asked earlier. re: preservation vs natural selection



They're two totally unrelated terms. The preservation and its evolution are not mutually exclusive. Horseshoe crabs and crocs have been at equilibrium with their environment for many millions of years.

quote:

do you realize that cheetahs, dolphins and wolves cooperate to hunt? so you're telling me they can't figure out "hey, don't kill cubs. our species needs them"? humans developed the notion so why can't others? humans are allegedly just sophisticated animals right?



Those animals are also very intelligent. Very few animals mourn their dead, those animals being us, dolphins, whales, chimps, gorillas, and elephants. If they did, then most of them would not have the intelligence to get beyond it. Like if an antelope did it, they'd be a mess.

And animals don't think things through. They're about survival and rely mostly on instinct and not critical thought.

quote:

but you just said they can't. which is it? and if they can as you now seem to be saying, why do they kill the young from another litter? how is that them preserving the species?



Animals are all different than each other. Unlike you morons, I don't have the answer for every question, but I sure as shite don't try to think like an animal because I know I don't truly process how they think. But this isn't a gotcha moment. You're more clueless than I am when you think that a bacteria reasoned out how to eat another organism.

quote:

the question was about preservation of the species. the behavior you're describing is apathy.



Those two terms aren't connected at all. Why would a mantis benefit from having apathy? And hell, apathy implies that you have the actual power to be compassionate and the intelligence to possess it. 99.99999% of species aren't smart enough to comprehend this. It's ridiculous to think that a possum (which only lives for 2 years) is going to have the same reasoning as an elephant (that can live until their 80s). It's ridiculous.

quote:

so when 50 wildebeests are watching a lion eat a calf from 50 yards away, this is preservation of the species? playing the odds in a numbers game is not preservation of the species. they could easily gore and kick the lion to death and send a pretty strong message to the rest of the pride.



Yeah, so wildebeests are intelligent enough to play the odds, talk out concrete battle strategies to take the lions, and outwit them, and not go with an instinct that has allowed their species to do relatively fine for millions of years.

It's astounding to me that someone is stupid enough to think that animals think the exact same way humans do.

quote:

it occurs to me that you haven't really though these issues through.



Thank you for your time, Karl. A real honor for you to be posting here. Big fan.
This post was edited on 3/13/17 at 8:01 pm
Posted by Amazing Moves
Member since Jan 2014
6174 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 6:39 pm to
[img]Haha. You're a retard.[/img]

No. He's been indoctrinated into a nonsensical belief tradition. It takes root stronger in some than others. He'll go to the farthest lengths to preserve it. Evidenced by his illogical posts in response to rational thoughts.
Posted by colorchangintiger
Dan Carlin
Member since Nov 2005
30979 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 7:30 pm to
quote:

Uncle Stu


RickyLaughingUncontrollably.wav
Posted by bfniii
Member since Nov 2005
17840 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 7:31 pm to
quote:

And you keep sounding dumber and dumber
for someone who is uninitiated in critical thinking, i could see why they would say this

quote:

It just happens provided by chance and it turns out to be advantageous.
the fact that you think this is some sort of answer to the questions i posed is pretty sad. this is essentially a non answer and "hey, just accept it and stop rocking the boat."

quote:

You may as well be saying
no - as i said before, it's not like that at all. the situations i listed were totally unintuitive whereas you keep referring back to a homo sapien situation that is perfectly reasonable. i'm sorry you don't understand that.
Posted by OMLandshark
Member since Apr 2009
120445 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 7:46 pm to
quote:

for someone who is uninitiated in critical thinking, i could see why they would say this



Good one. Nothing quite says "I'm a dumbass" like "I know you are but what am I".

quote:

the fact that you think this is some sort of answer to the questions i posed is pretty sad. this is essentially a non answer and "hey, just accept it and stop rocking the boat."



How am I supposed to provide footage on the first time one organism consumed another, because that is what you are requesting. We've got some good theories on what happened, but we don't know with absolute certainty what happened. But your answer with "God did it, we all lived on the planet at the same time. You'd know it if you watched the Flintstones" is retarded. I've got some evidence that shows what I'm saying can and did happen. Yours is twaddle.

quote:

no - as i said before, it's not like that at all. the situations i listed were totally unintuitive whereas you keep referring back to a homo sapien situation that is perfectly reasonable. i'm sorry you don't understand that.



Says the guy who doesn't understand why a wildebeest doesn't think like a human and reason exactly like we do. You've even taken our line of thinking to go as low as bacteria. I've never, ever heard a single person besides Karl Pilkington who can't fathom that other organisms don't think like humans.
Posted by bfniii
Member since Nov 2005
17840 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 8:09 pm to
quote:

All it has is a drive to survive
yet another non-answer answer. "it's just the way it is. stop thinking critically."

quote:

Their drive allowed them to do this
no matter how many times you repeat this, it doesn't become explanatory or scientifically rigorous. it's just an ad hoc shot in the dark. you aren't addressing the operational aspect of my questions

quote:

Because look at biology today
now that's a scientific response right there. "evolution bro. pass the doob."

quote:

It appears to me that you think every organism has human reasoning skills
the behaviors/traits i listed are complex. the fact that they can't communicate at a hominid level suggests that the trait challenges current notions of evolutionary forces. i'm not the only person who has pointed that out in this thread. but you seem to think that blithe, brainless hand waving suffices to dispel these challenges.

quote:

And what the hell do you mean by "UCD"?
aside from the fact that i already mentioned what the abbreviation stands for (universal common descent), now i know i'm dealing with someone who probably isn't equipped to respond to the questions i'm posing. but continue throwing out non-answers

quote:

you Bible thumpers
ah, the old ad hominem - when you know basically nothing about my background. good one genius

quote:

it's highly probable
based on what? this is the kind of gaping hole your responses are full of

quote:

But you seem to think of everything as how you personally would reason it and not how another organism would
i'm asking simple questions that you aren't answering - and then you're acting like there's something wrong with me because i'm pointing out your responses are vapid.

quote:

The preservation and its evolution are not mutually exclusive
what does this even mean? it doesn't answer the questions i asked. why do iguanas bury their eggs several dozen feet from safety so that their hatchlings have to run a gauntlet of racer snakes the second they're hatched? explain how this behavior fits with preservation of the species. the parents aren't even there to fend off the snakes when the eggs hatch.

quote:

Horseshoe crabs and crocs have been at equilibrium with their environment for many millions of years.
this has nothing to do with the tension between preservation of the species and natural selection

quote:

They're about survival and rely mostly on instinct and not critical thought
here you are making my point for me - i have highlighted behaviors that are complex and unintuitive in animals that don't have higher reasoning capability or communication. i'm asking how they developed and your response of "because evolution dude" is insufficient.

quote:

I don't have the answer for every question
this much is clear yet you keep posting non-answers and making insults. very enlightening

quote:

You're more clueless than I am when you think that a bacteria reasoned out how to eat another organism.
that's not at all what i stated and you're totally missing the point. tuptiger also responded to this.

quote:

so wildebeests are intelligent enough to play the odds, talk out concrete battle strategies to take the lions, and outwit them, and not go with an instinct that has allowed their species to do relatively fine for millions of years.
first, it takes basically no intelligence to know that you have the numbers and you can gore/kick the lions to death. it's part of their instinct yet, they don't employ it when they easily could. it would be, as you say, completely advantageous for them to do so and would be an outworking of preservation of the species. second, just because they haven't gone extinct doesn't mean that there isn't a better, easily employed behavior that would yield even greater benefits and would instantiate preservation of the species. again, they aren't doing that. why not?

quote:

It's astounding to me that someone is stupid enough to think that animals think the exact same way humans do.
again, i never said anything of the sort. no wonder your responses are a bunch of rambling nonsense.
Posted by bfniii
Member since Nov 2005
17840 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 8:21 pm to
quote:

How am I supposed to provide footage on the first time one organism consumed another
first, yes. you are highlighting one of the problems with large scale evolution up to ucd, i.e. no direct, repeatable evidence. second, you are basically conceding the point that you can't even think of a reasonable response.

quote:

We've got some good theories on what happened
like what? name one that addresses the points i was making on the advent of predation, gender, etc. if you were actually knowledgeable on the subject, you would have just listed them instead of this customary non-answer answer. here's an easy challenge for you sport: substantiate parahomology or exaptation without using the fossil record.

quote:

we don't know with absolute certainty what happened.
and this is part of the problem. you are parroting the adage that ucd is rock solid, air tight, can't be questioned.

quote:

But your answer with "God did it
where in this thread did i ever say ANYTHING to this effect? you can't even accurately reproduce my perspective yet you feel free to make childish insults.

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You've even taken our line of thinking to go as low as bacteria
no, i'm not. not even close. but feel free to keep misrepresenting what i'm saying.
Posted by OMLandshark
Member since Apr 2009
120445 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 8:39 pm to
quote:

yet another non-answer answer. "it's just the way it is. stop thinking critically."



But that's my point. You seem to think that bacteria had to actively decide whether it was going to consume another organism. It was an impulse that it reacted to that could be caused by hundreds of different things. There's no thinking involved in the bacteria whatsoever. Some variable entered the equation that caused the impulse. Whether it be overpopulation, lack of resources, a new unseen stimulus, or a unforeseen genetic mutation. Hundreds upon hundreds of different reasons that can cause it. It was merely a stimulus that caused an impulse. There was no thought involved.

quote:

no matter how many times you repeat this, it doesn't become explanatory or scientifically rigorous. it's just an ad hoc shot in the dark. you aren't addressing the operational aspect of my questions



Why does a tree grow? Does it think it through? Does it rationalize it's environment? Will the seed grow by itself? Or was there an outside stimulus that put it on its path? All that is needed is that stimulus and some luck. It happens trillions of times every single day. Murphy's Law.

quote:

now that's a scientific response right there. "evolution bro. pass the doob."





quote:

the behaviors/traits i listed are complex. the fact that they can't communicate at a hominid level suggests that the trait challenges current notions of evolutionary forces.


Ummm, no. This nonsense you hear "If humans are evolved from monkeys, why are there still monkeys". Sorry, but not every animal would benefit from incredible communication, empathy, and intelligence. Do you really think that would be good for a gazelle or an ant to be able to comprehend their own mortality? Different paths of evolution give other organisms benefits over others. It's like saying evolution doesn't exist because humans can't breath underwater or fly. Or that we're much weaker than other primates. The gorilla is way stronger than we are, and they are able to use that strength effectively to thrive in their own environment. It's about achieving equilibrium in ones environment, not to become more intelligent.

quote:

i'm not the only person who has pointed that out in this thread. but you seem to think that blithe, brainless hand waving suffices to dispel these challenges.


Because that's only said by people who don't understand evolution at all. It is completely irrelevant that a species doesn't become the ultimate animal and develop traits that you as a human find preferable. It's not the way it works.

quote:

aside from the fact that i already mentioned what the abbreviation stands for (universal common descent), now i know i'm dealing with someone who probably isn't equipped to respond to the questions i'm posing. but continue throwing out non-answers



After 4 pages of Google searching that doesn't pop up once if its that common of a term. As I thought it's mostly some stupid Bible thumping term. Just say common descent.

quote:

i'm asking simple questions that you aren't answering - and then you're acting like there's something wrong with me because i'm pointing out your responses are vapid.


I am actually answering them very concisely, which is why I'm only using middle school terms with you. Would you like for me to go to Elementary?

quote:

first, it takes basically no intelligence to know that you have the numbers and you can gore/kick the lions to death. it's part of their instinct yet, they don't employ it when they easily could. it would be, as you say, completely advantageous for them to do so and would be an outworking of preservation of the species. second, just because they haven't gone extinct doesn't mean that there isn't a better, easily employed behavior that would yield even greater benefits and would instantiate preservation of the species. again, they aren't doing that. why not?



You're thinking that they should think like you as a human. Yes, it does take some intelligence to realize that with the proper strategy you can take out some lions. This is how humans think, not wildebeests.

quote:

again, i never said anything of the sort. no wonder your responses are a bunch of rambling nonsense.



If I told you that a frog had enough venom to kill 1000 people, you'd think that the frog actively wanted to go out specifically to kill 1000 people: Mass Murdering Frog

Care to share any Monkey News, like a monkey robbing a bank, directing animal porn, or winning the Tour De France?
Posted by buckeye_vol
Member since Jul 2014
35406 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 9:48 pm to
quote:

standard non-answer: "it was advantageous."
Would it was "disadvantageous" be a more suitable answer?
This post was edited on 3/13/17 at 9:48 pm
Posted by buckeye_vol
Member since Jul 2014
35406 posts
Posted on 3/13/17 at 10:00 pm to
quote:

first, yes. you are highlighting one of the problems with large scale evolution up to ucd, i.e. no direct, repeatable evidence
Of course nobody would prefer not to have the entire history is the universe to observe, but just because theories can't answer every historical detail, it doesn't somehow make the broad theories invalid.

There are so many things that we can't explain in every field of science, that we're observing in real time, but that doesn't mean the unanswered negates the answers.
quote:

and this is part of the problem. you are parroting the adage that ucd is rock solid, air tight, can't be questioned
No, but unless one has an alternative hypothesis that can be tested to the extent of our limitations (i.e., still can't go back in time), then just throwing out random "why did this happen" and criticizing the answers that are supported by what has been tested and observed, as a "non-answers" is just lazy.

I'm comfortable with the idea that there are many things that are incorrect about our conclusions of the historical records, not just biological records. But that is a far cry from somehow invalidating the general theory of that record.
Posted by bfniii
Member since Nov 2005
17840 posts
Posted on 3/14/17 at 7:28 pm to
quote:

You seem to think that bacteria had to actively decide whether it was going to consume another organism
i've told you multiple times that's not my position.

quote:

It was an impulse that it reacted to that could be caused by hundreds of different things.
i realize you don't understand this but, this evasive, vague non-answer is unsatisfying for critical thinking people and for scientists. it's a valid question that poses a problem for the theory. so, your version of events is that this "impulse" just came out of nowhere for no reason. perhaps you are unaware that ex nihilo, nihil fit. an organism made the jump from not consuming others to consuming others. moreover, how did this trait get passed on to other organisms? it's a problem both anatomically and conceptually.

quote:

Some variable
see, this is the problem - lack of specificity

quote:

overpopulation
causes crowding, not necessarily cannibalism or predation. we're talking about the FIRST time it ever happened. overpopulation does not provide a sufficient explanation

quote:

lack of resources
ditto

quote:

a new unseen stimulus, or a unforeseen genetic mutation
there we go. the obligatory evolution fall back

quote:

Hundreds upon hundreds of different reasons that can cause it
not really, no. and even if that were true, it doesn't explain HOW an organism suddenly had the ABILITY to consume another. it also doesn't explain how the consumed organism was luckily an appropriate food source

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There was no thought involved.
i never said there was. i can't understand why you insist on repeating that i did say that.

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All that is needed is that stimulus and some luck
you are really, really super gullible if you believe that.

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It happens trillions of times every single day. Murphy's Law
no, it does not and murphy's law is whatever can go wrong, will go wrong with enough trials.

quote:

This nonsense you hear "If humans are evolved from monkeys, why are there still monkeys".
this has nothing to do with the point i was making, which is par for the course with you

quote:

Sorry, but not every animal would benefit from incredible communication, empathy, and intelligence. Do you really think that would be good for a gazelle or an ant to be able to comprehend their own mortality?
you can't seriously believe this. explain how this is not moronic.

quote:

not to become more intelligent.
again, not the point i'm making. it's honestly not as complex as you are making it out to be

quote:

Yes, it does take some intelligence to realize that with the proper strategy you can take out some lions
no, it doesn't. stampede takes literally no brains. it's fight or flight.

quote:

Google searching
i think this is a big part of the problem. i'm trying to discuss evolutionary forces with someone who is apparently uneducated on the subject. if you are having to resort to google searches to get exposed to the most basic concepts, it would help greatly to stop acting like you actually know something on the subject and perhaps be a passive observer instead of a sycophant, misrepresenting the challenges and making insults. i gave you a simple task and you didn't even mention it. i wonder why.
Posted by bfniii
Member since Nov 2005
17840 posts
Posted on 3/14/17 at 7:41 pm to
quote:

Would it was "disadvantageous" be a more suitable answer?
it being advantageous or not is not the issue because that is downstream. the question posed is upstream of that. what caused the first case of predation? how did an organism have anatomical ability to do so? why did gender develop? how did the anatomical aspects of gender just happen to be present when one organism tried to mate with another? how do all the cases of instinctive behavior occur when they are so obviously complex and in some cases unintuitive for animals that don't have higher reasoning?

i am not questioning evolution. i am question certain purported mechanisms of evolution. huge difference.
Posted by Bmath
LA
Member since Aug 2010
18919 posts
Posted on 3/14/17 at 7:48 pm to
quote:

perhaps you are unaware that ex nihilo, nihil fit. an organism made the jump from not consuming others to consuming others. moreover, how did this trait get passed on to other organisms? it's a problem both anatomically and conceptually.


I suspect that this happened very early on. In bacteria, they simply are feeding off of nutrient sources. This often includes vitamins and other forms of nutrients secreted by neighboring microbes. These organisms often don't even possess the genes to produce these biotic compounds on their own, and are completely dependent upon others.

There are predatory bacteria whose whole life cycle is dependent upon reproducing inside other bacterial cells.

Microbes can also communicate with one another through several processes such as quorum sensing and are able to work cooperatively.
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