GMT 7/13/2017

1099 The Crusaders launch their final assault on Jerusalem.

1534 Ottoman armies capture Tabriz in northwestern Persia.

1558 Led by the Count of Egmont, the Spanish army defeats the French at Gravelines, France.

1585 A group of 108 English colonists, led by Sir Richard Grenville, reaches Roanoke Island, North Carolina.

1643 In England, the Roundheads, led by Sir William Waller, are defeated by Royalist troops under Lord Wilmot in the Battle of Roundway Down.

1754 George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to the French, leaving them in control of the Ohio Valley.

1787 Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, enacts the Northwest Ordinance, establishing rules for governing the Northwest Territory, for admitting new states to the Union and limiting the expansion of slavery.

1832 Henry Schoolcraft discovers the source of the Mississippi River in Minnesota.

1862 Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest defeats a Union army at Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

1863 Opponents of the draft begin three days of rioting in New York City.

1866 The Great Eastern begins a two week voyage to complete a 12-year effort to lay telegraph cable across the Atlantic between Britain and the United States.

1878 The Congress of Berlin divides the Balkans among European powers.

1939 Frank Sinatra records his first song, "From the Bottom of My Heart," with the Harry James Band.

1941 Britain and the Soviet Union sign a mutual aid pact, providing the means for Britain to send war materiel to the Soviet Union.

1954 In Geneva, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and France reach an accord on Indochina, dividing Vietnam into two countries, North and South, along the 17th parallel.

1971 The Army of Morocco executes 10 leaders accused of leading a revolt.

Born on July 13

Today, Cheech Marin is 71 years old.

1886 Edward J. Flanagan, Catholic priest, founder of Boys' Town.

1928 Robert N.C. Nix, Jr., first African-American chief justice of a state supreme court.

1934 Wole Soyinka, Nobel Prize-winning Nigerian playwright.

1935 Jack Kemp, football player, politician.