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They were members of a foreign nation often living outside of American borders with at least quasi-government functions in their diaspora after the loss of their homelands, who engaged in coordinated attacks against that are effectively military operations but-for how you define their governmental structure.

You’re ascribing governmental structures to an Indian tribe. Tell me more about their government.

They were members of a foreign nation.

So are the people we are aiming to deport.

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I mean, hell, they even use the term "war party" for these groups attacking them. The understanding that this was the military branch of the various Indian nations is pretty clear.

So the United States had declared war with these Indian nation states? We had not.

The word usage of “war party” predates our country’s founding.

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In what way would the colonists and early Americans not see this as the equivalent of a foreign military operation? What specific aspects of the operation are you relying on to distinguish the nature of the attacks?

What was the goal of these “foreign military operations?” Surely, even your solely-purposed mind, bent on not losing an argument, can see the parallels between the predatory incursion usage and Tren de Aragua taking over apartment complexes or blocks.

There was no military involved. They were not attacking military targets. They were destroying homes and murdering local dwellers.

If there was an armed engagement, it was local posses and quasi militias. This wasn’t nation state against nation state.

And Hamilton would have laughed at you in your face if you told him that an Indian warrior needed a hearing in front of an immigration judge to remove him from the colonized land.