Advice please: Reworking existing bed full of weeds

round up existing weeds then pre-emergent like Preen to prevent residual weed seed germination

pull up the weeds you can see.
put down a layer of wet cardboard boxes or wet newspapers.
put a thick layer of shredded bark mulch over that.

don’t till…all you will be doing is working the seeds into the soil. Don’t put pre emergent or spray roundup if you are interested in healthy soil with a good fungal network. Occasionally you will get a stray weed, pull it before it goes to seed. After a few years the seed bank will be exhausted.

I would let the bed overwinter with your mulch and cardboard but keep it wet.

How big? I'd try to pull them. Then you could cove them for a while to kill the remaining. Or pull as much as you can then a layer of cardboard with new soil and mulch on top

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It's an old bed with lots of roots and fibrous material. Very compacted soil, so I do think it needs to be turned.

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One of mine was like that where I was gardening a few years back. Covered it with cardboard and raked a ton of pine straw up to put on top of that for about a month. I cleared it all out, tilled it up, and added in several bags of garden soil while I was tilling. Had an awesome garden that year with no weeds overtaking it. I used one of these to pull out weeds during the summer. The pronged side really grabs on to them and yanks them out to the root most of the time.

I would spray glyphosate now, let it die down, and spray it again on whatever sprouts back up.

In the meantime have a soil sample analyzed.

Also till in a hell of a lot of peat to bring up the organic matter, as flower beds that haven’t been worked in years are always low on organic matter.