re: Trump has to deposit $455 million just to appeal the decision against him

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Is this up to the discretion of the court or is this a common practice?

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Extremely common. I have several clients right now with 8-figure supersedeas (aka appeal) bonds.

It is designed as a show of good faith that you will pay in the event of an unsuccessful appeal and to insulate the plaintiff in the event you go bankrupt during the process or attempt to subvert the ruling by illegal transfer of assets. Most courts take the amount of the judgement add back interest and add future interest based on the normal appeal time frame to some up with the final supersedeas bond amount.