re: Does a plane achieve lift by pushing a wing through the air or by pulling air over a wing?

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That's the question that needs to be answered on the conveyor belt conundrum.

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No it doesn’t

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If the engines can PULL enough wind over the wings surface it will achieve lift even without the plane appearing to move forward to a bystander viewing.

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They can’t. The closest thing is a bush plane taking off into a headwind.

None of that matters because the plane will still accelerate forward due to the thrust of its engines. Equal and opposite reaction.