Help me with my lawn and reply to me like I'm 5 years old.

Just my opinion here but if it were my lawn. Verify that you have St Aug (although my suggestions would not change much if it were centipede). If your yard has been damaged and has bare spots I would not put down a pre emergent. Most pre em's effect the root system and I wouldn't want that on struggling grass. Right now I would put some potash down. Potash helps with stress and cold weather. Once the St Aug is roughly 50% green I would put down a 16-0-8 or 25-3-5 granular fertilizer. I would also apply a granular application of Talstar. I do suggest two backpacks or handcans. One for herbicide and one for insecticide and fungicide. 4-6 weeks after the fert application I would do it again. After that I would switch to a low/no Nitrogen fert. Use a high iron fert like Milorginite or Houactinite.

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granular application of Talstar

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This to me is the key. I was damn diligint last year with spraying Talstar from May through August and the webworms still hammered me. I'd nuke them and then 10 days later they'd be back with a vengeance. I think some granular in late may that kills other stuff is a great idea for most.

Back to OP, I'll let the other guys help you. Interesting on the pre emergent. But OP, you can find St aug grass calendars online.

I laid St Aug sod late summer last year (2020), so would a pre-emergent february still be a bad idea? My grass looks good now but I was hoping to prevent stuff once it warms up.

This is sep/oct time.

Thank you, that’s very helpful, although, not the 5 year old vernacular I was hoping for.

Definitely thin. I'd aerate the lawn in March or April.

Looks shady. Might want to prune the limbs on your tree if it’s too much shade