I don't see any discrepancy in the examples of testing God you present. The context makes it clear. If the subject is moving away from God, there is a risk of punishment. If the subject is moving towards God (which requires humility and faith... which is sometimes hard in worldly circumstances), they will be rewarded.

To understand this, let's consider this idea via analogy... Consider for a moment if you had a relationship with a girlfriend.

1) If you remain "just dating" for a year or two, you aren't really testing the relationship. You're in a comfortable / stable zone at that point.

2) If, from the initial context of the stability of dating for a year or two, you make new friends and are suddenly going out 4 times a week and ignoring her / taking her for granted, you are testing your relationship with her (you're testing her), and it should not be surprising if she objects to being suddenly ignored. And there may be repercussions in your relationship with her.

*** Most of the tests you list fall into this category. There is an implied warning that moving away from God moves you away from Grace and puts you in increased danger from being subjected to the downside of God's laws.

3) If, from the initial context of the stability of happily dating for a year or two, you decide to get serious and propose to your girlfriend, you are again testing her. This time, though, the test requires an act of faith on your part as you attempt to move towards her (not away); and if she is faithful and loves you, this test will be met with happiness and a stronger union.

*** The Malachi scripture you quote heavily implies that if you put your faith in God (move towards God, NOT away), you will be rewarded. This is unambiguous (even if it can be hard to see IRL).

*** In the Kings scripture, when Elijah calls for an answer from God, he has already explicity defined that he is a servant of God and done what God has asked of him. He is leaning into God here, not away from him. He has already surrendered to God and is following orders to the best of his understanding. He is NOT standing apart from God and demanding justification from God from egoic desire. The scripture reads clearly this way with Elijah basically saying, "OK, God, I did everything you asked of me, and it's in your hands now to reveal the Truth of it." So, I don't even really see Elijah testing God the way you're trying to imply.